Web Application Vulnerabilities & Mitigations: SQLi, Command Injection, XSS, CSRF & IDOR

Q: Why are prepared statements secure against SQL injection?

Prepared statements send the SQL query template and the parameter data separately to the database engine. The engine compiles the SQL query first, ensuring that parameter data is never parsed or executed as SQL commands, regardless of what characters it contains.

Q: When is it safe to use Laravel's unescaped blade directive {!! $var !!}?

It is only safe to use `{!! $var !!}` when the variable contains raw HTML that you have generated yourself or purified using a secure HTML sanitization library like HTMLPurifier. You should never output raw user input using this directive.

Q: How does relation-scoped lookup prevent IDOR?

Relation-scoped lookup (e.g., `$user->orders()->findOrFail($id)`) ensures that the database query naturally filters results by the authenticated user's ID. An attacker trying to access another user's ID will receive a 404 Not Found error because the record does not exist within the scoped relationship.

Building secure web applications is not about adding security at the end of development. It requires understanding how vulnerabilities arise at the code level and designing boundaries to prevent them.

In this guide, we will analyze five critical web application vulnerabilities (SQL Injection, Command Injection, Cross-Site Scripting, CSRF, and IDOR) in PHP and Laravel, see how they are exploited, and implement secure mitigations.

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Web Application Vulnerabilities & Mitigations: SQLi, Command Injection, XSS, CSRF & IDOR

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